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Article

A Study on the Meaning of Occupational Therapy for Children with Disabilities in Montessori Education Through Work Activities / 작업활동을 통한 교육의 장애아 Montessori 작업치료로서의 의의

Available from: KOAJ - Korea Open Access Journals

Publication: 지체.중복.건강장애연구 / Korean Journal of Physical, Multiple, & Health Disabilities, vol. 57, no. 3

Pages: 1-21

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Abstract/Notes: The purpose of this study was to investigate the meaning of occupational therapy for children with disabilities in Montessori education. For this, the study examined the features of work activities in Montessori education, which focused on the meaning and property, preceding principles and laws, and work level and organization of work activities. As well, the study examined the principles of concentration and normalization education, self-correction and individualized learning, sensitivity and motor education, and free activity and inter-social relationship education in Montessori education. Education for children with disabilities, especially, ADL training and occupational training considered as main contents in remedial education for people with disabilities, especially, children with multiple disabilities are particularly focused in Montessori remedial education. Children in Montessori Education not only are self-satisfied, but also do actual experience through spontaneous activities by learning motor, coordination, independence, and so on. Montessori Education has the meaning of occupational therapy, the domain of which includes functional O.T., diversional O.T., and pre-vocational O.T.. Montessori work education through activities has the function of occupational therapy mentioned above. Especially, according to the principles of Montessori work education, children with disabilities are able to learn work attitude, work behavior, and work basic function necessary for pre-vocational education through work activities. / 본 연구의 목적은 작업활동을 통한 Montessori교육의 장애아 작업치료로서의 의의를 밝히는데 있다. 이를 위하여 Montessori교육에서 작업활동의 의미와 특성, 작업활동의 선행원칙과 법칙, 작업의 단계와 조직화를 중심으로 Montessori교육에서의 작업활동의 특성을 고찰하였다. 그리고 Montessori작업활동의 원리로서 집중화 및 정상화교육의 원리, 자기교정교육 및 개별학습의 원리, 감각 및 운동교육의 원리, 자유활동 및 사회성교육의 원리를 알아보았다. Montessori 교육은 장애아 직업전 작업치료로서의 의의를 지닌다. 작업(치료)교육의 영역에는 신체의 기능증진을 위한 작업치료(fuctional O.T.), 심리재활을 위한 작업치료(divertional O.T.) 및 직업재활을 위한 작업치료(prevocational O.T.)가 있다. 활동을 통한 Montessori 작업교육은 이상과 같은 작업치료의 기능을 한다. 특히 Montessori 작업교육의 원리에 따라 장애아동들은 직업교육이전에 필요한 작업에 임하는 자세, 태도, 행동 및 작업기초 기능을 작업활동을 통해서 학습할 수 있다.

Language: Korean

DOI: 10.20971/kcpmd.2014.57.3.1

Master's Thesis

Pedagogy, Architecture and Disabilities: Redesigning a Special Needs School in Mexico City

Available from: Politecnico di Milano (Italy)

Americas, Architecture, Central America, Classroom environments, Design, Latin America and the Caribbean, Mexico

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Abstract/Notes: This research aims to understand the influence of pedagogical methods in the design of schools, focusing on inclusive schools. The type of research will be a qualitative one through theoretical analysis. The result is an architectural design project for a school for Down Syndrome students in Mexico City taking into consideration the design tools identified in the research. This project has an personal meaning for me as the school to be designed is my brother’s current school. To achieve this aim, we are going to deep dive into four pedagogical methods, their characteristics, and their origins. We will then study their influence and reinterpretation in school architecture around the world through case studies. After that, we will look at the identification of key characteristics from these methods that can help create a more inclusive school. Finally, we will apply the findings to the design of a real school. Despite the advanced knowledge in materials, technology, and architectural theories, the school’s design is still developing. At the moment, many schools are being built without real thought of the design and its effects on the users, being this a problem since school design is crucial in an adequate learning experience. During the first half of the last century, more specifically during the war era, there was an enormous advance in the pedagogical field in European countries such as Austria and Italy mostly influenced by the emergence of educational psychology theories such as “constructivism”. In this research, we are going to focus on three pedagogical methods born in that era, the followings: Montessori (Italy), Reggio Emilia (Italy,) and Waldorf (Germany). Although these methods have different approaches, they all rely on students’ autonomy, the decentralization of authority, and a balanced and holistic worldview. Pedagogy is also highly influenced by its environment regardless of socioeconomic and sociocultural circumstances therefore a proper setting of spaces is key. This relation is not new and can be seen with Henry Barnard who in 1849 wrote “School Architecture”, one of the first school construction manuals which are taking into account pedagogical methods in the building of learning spaces. Throughout the years, specialized architecture manuals for schools such as the Montessori’s one has been created and the design methods have migrated and been applied throughout the globe. Examples of this are Waldorf’s “Family School” in Costa Rica by Arkitito Arquitetura, Oficina umauma & Luiza Gottschalk, the Reggio Emilia’s “Tellus Nursery School” in Sweden by Tham & Videgård Arkitekter and the Montessori’s “Delft Montessori School” by Herman Hertzberger in Holland. The methods have been proven to work well especially in the developmental stages of kids, proving to be effective not only for the conventional student but also for the intellectually disabled ones. When it comes to inclusive education, is quite a new topic for society. In the past, having a disability meant being put in an asylum, psychiatric hospital, or institution with barely or no education. It is until the middle of the last century and with the emergence of human rights together with the development of the pedagogical methods above mentioned, that disabled people started to have a voice in the education system and therefore a place in the classroom. Inclusive education means integrating disabled students into all the events of a classroom through the exercising of their autonomy and a surrounding with an adequate level of stimuli (such as light or color). This can be achieved by the right application of the pedagogical methods in the design phase of the school. For example, the Montessori’s accessible furniture or the Reggio Emilia’s natural lighting. In conclusion, thanks to the evolution of pedagogy and its application to architecture, we are and will witness the development of both, more inclusive schools and highly inclusive spaces in which students (disabled and non-disabled) can better coexist. The analysis of pedagogy is fundamental to building more inclusive schools and through this research, we aim to better understand its methods to apply them to a real case study. / Questa ricerca mira a comprendere l'influenza della pedagogia nella progettazione delle scuole, puntando sull'inclusività. Il tipo di ricerca sarà di tipo qualitativo attraverso un analisi pedagogica teorica. Il risultato finale è un progetto architettonico su una scuola per studenti con Sindrome di Down a Città del Messico prendendo in considerazione gli strumenti individuati nella ricerca. Questo progetto ha un significato personale per me perché mio fratello è al momento uno studente presso quella scuola. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, ci addentreremo profondamente in quattro metodi pedagogici, le loro caratteristiche e le loro origini. Ne studieremo poi l'influenza e la reinterpretazione nell'architettura scolastica di tutto il mondo attraverso case studies. A seguire, esamineremo le caratteristiche delle architetture pedagogiche che possono aiutare a creare una scuola più inclusiva. Infine, applicheremo i risultati a la progettazione di una vera scuola. Nonostante le avanzate conoscenze sui materiali, tecnologia e teorie architettoniche, in generale il design delle scuole è ancora in via di sviluppo. Al momento, molte scuole sono in costruzione senza un vero pensiero al design e ai suoi effetti sugli utenti. Questo risulta essere un problema dal momento che il design della scuola è cruciale in un'adeguata esperienza di apprendimento. Durante la prima metà del secolo scorso, ci fu un enorme progresso nel campo pedagogico nei paesi europei i quali furono maggiormente influenzati dall'emergere dell'istruzione di teorie psicologiche come il “costruttivismo”. In questa ricerca, ci concentreremo su tre metodi pedagogici nati in quell'epoca, i seguenti: metodo Montessori (Italia), metodo Reggio Emilia (Italia) e metodo Steiner/Waldorf (Austria/Germania). Sebbene questi metodi hanno approcci differenti, sono tutti basati su una serie di concetti comuni tra i quali l'autonomia degli studenti, il decentramento dell'autorità e una visione del mondo equilibrata e olistica. In generale, anche la pedagogia è altamente influenziata dall’ambiente circonstante indipendentemente dal livello socioeconomico e dalle circostanze socioculturali presenti, quindi un ambiente con spazi adeguati risulta fondamentale. Questa relazione tra spazio e pedagogia è un argomento che si può notare già con Henry Barnard, che nel 1849 scrisse “School Architecture”, uno dei primi manuali di costruzione scolastica che già all’epoca prese in considerazione i metodi pedagogici negli edifici scolastici. Nel corso degli anni, sono stati creati veri e propri manuali specializzati in architettura per pedagogie come ad esempio la Montessori ed è proprio grazie a questi manuali, che ad oggi queste architetture sono presenti ed applicate in tutto il mondo. Esempi che confermano l’applicazione di queste pedagogie sono la "Family School" di Steiner/Waldorf in Costa Rica (Arkitito Arquitetura, Oficina umauma & Luiza Gottschalk), la “Tellus Nursery School” di Reggio Emilia in Svezia (Tham & Videgård Arkitekter) e la “Delft Scuola Montessori” in Olanda (Herman Hertzberger). I metodi hanno dimostrato di funzionare bene soprattutto nelle fasi di sviluppo dei bambini, dimostrando di essere efficaci non solo per lo studente convenzionale ma anche per gli intellettualmente disabili. In generale l’educazione inclusiva è considerato un argomento abbastanza nuovo per la società. In passato, avere una disabilità significava essere messi in un ospedale psichiatrico o un istituto con scarsa o nessuna istruzione. È fino alla metà del secolo scorso e con l'emergere dei diritti umani insieme allo sviluppo dei metodi pedagogici sopra menzionati, che le persone disabili hanno iniziato ad avere una voce nel sistema educativo e quindi un posto in classe. Educazione inclusiva significa integrare gli studenti disabili in tutti gli eventi che si svolgono in classe, aiutandoli ad esercitarsi ad essere autonomi attraverso uno spazio con un adeguato livello di stimoli (come la luce o il colore). Questo può essere ottenuto con la giusta applicazione dei metodi pedagogici nella fase progettuale della scuola. Ad esempio, i mobili accessibili della pedagogia Montessori o l'illuminazione naturale della pedagogia Reggio Emilia. In conclusione, grazie all'evoluzione della pedagogia e della sua applicazione all'architettura, siamo e saremo testimoni dello sviluppo di scuole sempre più inclusive in cui gli studenti (disabili e non) possano convivere meglio insieme. Questa ricerca, mira per l’appunto a comprendere al meglio le tematiche pedagogiche con l’obiettivo finale di costruire scuole sempre più inclusive.

Language: English

Published: Milano, Italy, 2022

Book Section

Mehrfach und verschiedenartig behinderte Kinder in der Montessori-Kleingruppentherapie [Children with multiple and different disabilities in Montessori small group therapy]

Book Title: Die Montessori-Pädagogik und das behinderte Kind: Referate und Ergebnisse des 18. Internationalen Montessori Kongresses (München, 4-8 Juli 1977) [The Montessori System and the Handicapped Child: Papers and Reports of the 18th International Montessori Congress (Munich, July 4-8, 1977)]

Pages: 304-307

Children with disabilities, Conferences, International Montessori Congress (18th, Munich, Germany, 4-8 July 1977), Montessori method of education

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Language: German

Published: München: Kindler, 1978

ISBN: 3-463-00716-9

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Montessori-Pädagogik bei mehrfach und verschiedenartig behinderten Kindern in der Montessori-Sonderschule [Montessori pedagogy for children with multiple and different disabilities in the Montessori special school]

Book Title: Die Montessori-Pädagogik und das behinderte Kind: Referate und Ergebnisse des 18. Internationalen Montessori Kongresses (München, 4-8 Juli 1977) [The Montessori System and the Handicapped Child: Papers and Reports of the 18th International Montessori Congress (Munich, July 4-8, 1977)]

Pages: 330-335

Children with disabilities, Conferences, International Montessori Congress (18th, Munich, Germany, 4-8 July 1977), Special education

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Language: German

Published: München: Kindler, 1978

ISBN: 3-463-00716-9

Book Section

Die soziale Integration mehrfach und verschiedenartig behinderter Kinder der Münchner Montessori-Schule [The social integration of children with multiple and different disabilities at the Munich Montessori School]

Book Title: Die Montessori-Pädagogik und das behinderte Kind: Referate und Ergebnisse des 18. Internationalen Montessori Kongresses (München, 4-8 Juli 1977) [The Montessori System and the Handicapped Child: Papers and Reports of the 18th International Montessori Congress (Munich, July 4-8, 1977)]

Pages: 313-320

Children with disabilities, Conferences, Europe, Germany, Inclusive education, International Montessori Congress (18th, Munich, Germany, 4-8 July 1977), Western Europe

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Language: German

Published: München: Kindler, 1978

ISBN: 3-463-00716-9

Master's Thesis

The Contribution of the Montessori Approach to Multisensory Approaches to Early Learning Disabilities

Available from: University of Witwatersrand - Institutional Repository

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Abstract/Notes: Learning disabilities have become of increasing concern for educators. More and more children are having difficulty learning to read and write. This dissertation investigates what constitutes a learning disability, its etiology and whether or not it is possible to identify these disabilities in early childhood. The investigation further aims to discover if these learning disabilities are comprised of sub-disabilities and if these can be identified as such. To this end the research aims to determine the most appropriate remedial intervention strategies used for learning disabilities. Multisensory intervention is therefore explored. On the basis of this the Montessori Method is examined to ascertain whether or not the method can contribute to multisensory intervention at the preschool level. It is argued that the Montessori Method is admirably suited to making such a contribution. Further empirical research for these claims is indicated.

Language: English

Published: Johannesburg, South Africa, 2006

Article

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The Level of Using the Montessori Curriculum by Teachers of Students with Intellectual Disabilities / O Nível de Utilização do Currículo Montessori por Professores de Alunos com Deficiência Intelectual

Available from: Universidade Católica de Petrópolis

Publication: Synesis, vol. 15, no. 2

Pages: 338-356

Children with disabilities, Curricula, Developmental disabilities, Developmentally disabled children, Developmentally disabled youth, Intellectual disability, Montessori method of education, Teachers

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Abstract/Notes: This study aims to identify the level of use of the Montessori curriculum by teachers of students with intellectual disabilities (ID) in elementary schools. It also aims to reveal whether there are statistically significant differences in the level of use of the Montessori curriculum by teachers according to the variables of gender, level of education, years of experience, and training they received. The study sample consisted of 304 teachers of students with ID in elementary schools in Riyadh.  The results showed that teachers of students with ID use the Montessori curriculum with a low degree. The results showed there were statistically significant differences in the responses of the study sample according to the teachers’ education levels and the number of training courses. These differences favored the study sample individuals with a higher level of education and individuals with more training courses. On the other hand, the results showed no statistically significant differences in the responses of the study sample about using the Montessori curriculum based on the teacher’s experience or gender. / Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar o nível de utilização do currículo Montessori por professores de alunos com deficiência intelectual (DI) no ensino fundamental. Pretende ainda revelar se existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas no nível de utilização do currículo Montessori pelos professores segundo as variáveis género, nível de escolaridade, anos de experiência e formação recebida. A amostra do estudo consistiu de 304 professores de alunos com DI em escolas primárias em Riad. Os resultados mostraram que os professores de alunos com DI utilizam o currículo Montessori com baixa titulação. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas respostas da amostra do estudo de acordo com o nível de escolaridade dos professores e o número de cursos de formação. Essas diferenças favoreceram na amostra do estudo indivíduos com maior nível de escolaridade e indivíduos com mais cursos de formação. Por outro lado, os resultados não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas respostas da amostra do estudo sobre o uso do currículo Montessori com base na experiência ou gênero do professor.

Language: English

ISSN: 1984-6754

Video Recording

Montessori: A Core Curriculum for Hearing Impaired Children with Learning Disabilities

Available from: US National Archives Research Catalog

Americas, Children with disabilities, Deaf, Hearing impaired children, Inclusive education, Learning disabilities, Montessori method of education, North America, United States of America

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Language: English

Article

Montessori and Learning Disabilities

Publication: NAMTA Journal, vol. 19, no. 2

Pages: 151-169

Children with disabilities, Inclusive education, Learning disabilities, Montessori method of education, North American Montessori Teachers' Association (NAMTA) - Periodicals

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Abstract/Notes: Discusses the characteristics of learning disabilities in the areas of coordination, language, attention, and perception, and explains how the Montessori method can be used to educate young children with these disabilities. The method relies on a developmental approach that ensures the child a wholesome environment in which to thrive. (MDM)

Language: English

ISSN: 1522-9734

Book Section

Montessori and Learning Disabilities

Available from: Books to Borrow @ Internet Archive

Book Title: Montessori in Contemporary American Culture

Pages: 149-182

Children with disabilities, Inclusive education, Learning disabilities

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Language: English

Published: Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann, 1992

ISBN: 0-435-08709-6 978-0-435-08709-8

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