Abstract/Notes: This investigation explored if and how direct instruction on goal-setting and working toward a goal over a four-week period impacted the number of activities students independently completed in class. The amount of math and language work completed and the way the participants felt about their ability to manage their time and goals were measured and evaluated. The study took place at a diverse elementary school in the Midwest. The classroom involved is the only Montessori lower elementary classroom in the district. The 26 students were ages 6-9 at the time of the study. Students were taught how to set a goal and work toward that goal. They also planned for challenges and how to overcome those challenges. Students checked in with their teacher and peers daily to reflect and report how focused they were in regards to achieving the goal they set. Students were observed, data was collected about the type and amount of work completed, students were rated by a peer accountability partner daily, and students completed a pre and post-self-assessment about setting goals and how competent they felt in doing so. The results of the study showed that while the amount of work did not increase, students reported feeling more confident in their ability to set goals and use strategies to stay on task and on-task behavior increased. Direct instruction in goal setting enabled students to feel more confident in selecting a goal and working toward it. They gained tools for staying focused during work times. They were able to use these tools to be on task more frequently than before the intervention. Teachers may want to choose to include direct goal setting in their practice. Further studies may want to track data for a longer period of time to see if work output also would increase.

Language: English

Published: St. Paul, Minnesota, 2020

Abstract/Notes: The purpose of this action research project was to explore what effects one-on-one coaching would have on whole class transition times. The transitions in question were in a class of first through third graders moving from the period of class-time consisting of individual or small-group work choices to the whole class gathering in order to move on to the next activity, such as circle time in preparation for lining up to head to another part of the school building for Specials classes or lunch or to recess. Mostly this consisted of cleaning up the classroom and gathering as a whole group at circle time. Individually coaching the teacher in implementing specific techniques from No-Nonsense Nurturing® (NNN) online training platform could affect the quality and length of time of identified whole class transitions. Coaching techniques consisted of one-on-one meetings between coach and teacher for identifying through observation, learning through online training and coaching conversations, and planning improvements with the coach as partner. The data collection utilized pre- and postintervention questionnaires, daily time tracker tally sheets, daily phrase tracker tally sheets, and weekly discussion questionnaires. Participation in the coaching cycle was found to improve the teacher’s understanding of NNN as a tool to increase the teacher-student relationships. This, in turn, increases efficiency in whole-class transition times.

Language: English

Published: St. Paul, Minnesota, 2020

Abstract/Notes: This action research project studied how student-created formative assessments in mathematics would affect student confidence and perceived math ability. Students participated in a four-week study. The researcher conducted this study in September and October of 2021. The seven participating students were from an Upper Elementary classroom in a private Southern California Montessori school. The intervention consisted of a student-constructed survey taken weekly and a group analysis of the anonymized data collected from the said survey. Additional data sources included parent surveys, end-of-intervention student surveys, and classwork observational tally sheets. This study found that students gained further awareness of their work choices by completing the student-constructed formative assessments and reviewing the data. In the future, educators could conduct further research regarding the impact of using student-created formative assessment long-term and with a wider variety of subjects

Language: English

Published: St. Paul, Minnesota, 2021

Abstract/Notes: The purpose of this research was to determine the effects on students’ ability to self regulate while learning about daily mindfulness lessons. The study took place over the course of six weeks in an upper elementary class of 20 students, including four fourth graders, nine fifth graders, and seven sixth graders. The study was conducted in a rural public Montessori school in the Midwest. Students participated in a six-week mindfulness unit from The Mind Up Curriculum (The Hawn Foundation, 2011). The researcher collected data through a pre-and postassessment, students’ self reflections and graphs, researcher’s observation, and researcher’s daily journal. The data suggested students, when given mindfulness lessons, could become more selfregulated. From pre and post assessment, there was a 170% growth in the number of students who would like to use mindfulness techniques in their future. Although the numbers increased, further research could demonstrate effects of mindfulness lessons for on-task behavior and selfregulation over a longer period of time.

Language: English

Published: St. Paul, Minnesota, 2017

Abstract/Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to see if mindfulness lessons based on breathing and meditation techniques would be effective with elementary age students in building community and collaborative work skills. This was done in a classroom of 25 students ranging from nine to twelve years old. I used a pre and post survey as well as observational data to determine the relevance of the meditations on community clean up time. The results showed that there was an increase in participation as well as a decrease in the time it took for the children to clean up. There was also a heightened awareness of community responsibility based on the post survey results. The observational data also showed that the children were communicating more effectively and even leading discussions on how to problem solve. Other interesting reflections came to light such as the teacher’s assumptions on what the students believed about the importance of their work in the community and their ideas about self. The action plan shows the importance of continued work in mindfulness meditation in the classroom to help support the children to focus, be aware of their environment, communicate more effectively and have a greater appreciation of themselves.

Language: English

Published: St. Paul, Minnesota, 2016

Abstract/Notes: This action research investigated how integrating practical life exercises and self-regulation lessons could foster emotion regulation in lower elementary children. Twenty First and Second grade students in a public Montessori school participated in this four-week study. Quantitative data tools included students’ feelings self assessments, parent questionnaire, feelings check-in, and tallies of student behavior. Qualitative tools included students’ feeling journals, my observation journal, and children’s practical life reflection. Data analysis indicated that teaching children to identify their feelings and offering choices of calm down activities in the practical life area gave children the tools to recalibrate themselves. By the end of the study, an increasing number of children checked in daily as feeling happy, calm, and focused. Introducing social emotional lessons in September alongside classroom rules, routines, and expectations along with calm down tools equips children with a preventative rather than remedial repertoire of tools to emotionally regulate themselves to be successful learners for life.

Language: English

Published: St. Paul, Minnesota, 2021

Abstract/Notes: This is a descriptive study of independent learning in four Montessori elementary classrooms. It shows relationships between groups of variables for the student, teacher, and environment--with independent learning. Data were collected for the project in three schools in the Seattle area. A profile on each student consisted of demographic information, scores on four measures of independence, and data regarding observed classroom behavior. The teachers provided background information and philosophical orientation through questionnaire and their classroom behaviors were observed. The environment, including the physical and underlying structural climate, was revealed through teacher interview and observation of whole-class behavior. The resultant data were examined for relationships through correlational techniques. Student background, specifically sex, age, and previous Montessori experience, were not found to be predictive of observed independent learning. Teacher background and years of teaching experience in Montessori were also not predictive of the independent learning that occurred in the classroom. The environment, prepared by a Montessori teacher to facilitate independent learning, provided for self-directed study. Independent learning was observed by the behaviors of the individual student, the teacher, and the whole-class similarly in the four classrooms. It was observed in a variety of students. All four teachers had Montessori teacher education and experience. All classrooms were set up physically with shelves of manipulative materials and structurally with student-directed expectations. It was concluded that independent learning can occur when allowed and provided for.

Language: English

Published: Seattle, Washington, 1987

Abstract/Notes: The desire to learn with our hands is an innate human trait. Sociocultural theory presented by Lev Vygotsky laid the foundation of the importance of hands-on learning, which is still prevalent in current trends within the field of education. When focusing on the whole child, sociocultural theory supports the many facets that comprise the human being. The evolution of skills deemed necessary in the current era, challenges schools to implement dynamic curricula in order to foster 21st century skills in students. While there is not substantial research to support the use of handwork in the Upper Elementary Montessori classroom (multi-age setting for 4th-6th grades), there is significant research that demonstrates the importance of creativity, discipline, independence, self-efficacy, and social cooperation as skills to develop for this age group. The purpose of this study was to examine and evaluate the impact of handwork as an experience with upper elementary students between the ages of nine and twelve as a means to develop contemporary soft skills of creativity, discipline, independence, self-efficacy, and social cooperation which together support pre-adolescent brain development. Through the use of qualitative (observations) and quantitative instruments (surveys), this research was intended to validate the impact of Practical Life activities in development of these skills. However; due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study had to be terminated. Based on the short period of intervention and researcher’s time with students, the following generalized conclusions about handwork and development of soft skills is that there is a positive effect.

Language: English

Published: River Falls, Wisconsin, 2022

Abstract/Notes: This project explores the importance of teaching and studying poetry in a lower elementary Montessori classroom. The purpose of the project is to examine students’ interest and involvement in reading, writing and memorizing poetry and gaining better insight into students’ knowledge and attitudes to this literature genre. The researcher compared involvement and interests of 20 students in one private elementary school in the Midwest. Both small-scale qualitative and quantitative data were collected, during an action research study that lasted seven weeks. The survey results were very promising about studying poetry on a lower elementary level and the rise of interest in this literature genre as well as the evidence offered by student work samples. In just a few weeks, the students’ attitudes and knowledge, and production of poetry significantly increased.

Language: English

Published: River Falls, Wisconsin, 2022

Abstract/Notes: Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to investigate the impact of project-based learning on K-5 students’ development of the 4Cs (Critical Thinking, Communication, Creativity, Collaboration) as perceived by elementary charter school teachers. Methodology: A phenomenological design was selected to address the research questions for this study. Through purposeful sampling, 12 charter elementary teachers who met a pre-determined set of criteria (including the routine integration of project-based learning within their instructional programs) were selected to participate in virtual, semi-structured interviews. All teachers were employed by charter schools located in six counties within California. The interviews were conducted using a researcher-developed protocol. Artifacts in the form of student work, planning documents, and project overviews were also collected and evaluated. Once organized, the researcher coded and analyzed the data for themes. Findings: Data analysis revealed that the participating teachers regularly integrated 4Cs skills into their instructional practice. When planning PBL (collaboratively or independently), specific skills might be targeted, but all four skills were often assumed as necessary for project success. Prior to project implementation, teachers worked to build a classroom culture so that students felt safe and understood the expectations of project work. Cycles of inquiry began with a driving question or challenging problem that students worked (primarily in teams) to answer or solve. Students then presented their learning in varied ways to different audiences. Assessment was challenging for most 4C areas, with communication being the skill most frequently assessed formally due to its inclusion in the Common Core State Standards. Conclusions: The implementation of project-based learning supports the development of critical thinking, communication, creativity, and communication by providing ample opportunities for students to practice and build capacity. Additionally, students develop a sense of ownership, agency, and empowerment as learners and can make authentic connections to their lives. PBL also develops real-world skills that are transferable well beyond the classroom. Finally, COVID-19 eliminated PBL during remote learning with some exceptions. Communication and collaboration were most impacted. Recommendations: Ten areas of further research were recommended to increase the body of knowledge related to these variables.

Language: English

Published: Irvine, California, 2022