Abstract/Notes: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer a análise das possibilidades que a arquitetura vernacular, em suas relações com materiais, espaços e inserção cultural, traz para o aprendizado dentro de uma perspectiva montessoriana. Analisando as premissas educacionais propostas pela médica Maria Montessori para um ambiente de escolas infantis, procura-se estabelecer uma relação entre o valor que é dado para o ambiente preparado para a evolução e aprendizado individual de cada aluno, com a cultura, a sustentabilidade e utilização de materiais ligados à arquitetura vernacular. Neste sentido, a partir de uma pesquisa da literatura referente à interação do indivíduo com o edifício e com a arquitetura vernacular brasileira, procurou-se identificar a relação existente entre as características do aprendizado montessoriano e os materiais e técnicas aplicados em edifícios com arquitetura ou recursos vernaculares. A partir da pesquisa é possível vislumbrar os benefícios que um incentivo de utilização de técnicas e materiais utilizados na arquitetura vernacular podem trazer em termos de potencial para promover o aprendizado, considerando as premissas montessorianas. [The present work aims to analyze the possibilities that vernacular architecture, in its relations with materials, spaces and cultural insertion, brings to learning within a Montessori perspective. Analyzing the educational premises proposed by the doctor Maria Montessori for an environment of nursery schools, we seek to establish a relationship between the value that is given to the environment prepared for the evolution and individual learning of each student, with culture, sustainability and use of materials linked to vernacular architecture. In this sense, from a literature search regarding the interaction of the individual with the building and with Brazilian vernacular architecture, we sought to identify the relationship between the characteristics of Montessori learning and the materials and techniques applied in buildings with vernacular architecture or vernacular resources. From the research it is possible to glimpse the benefits that an incentive to use techniques and materials used in vernacular architecture can bring in terms of potential to promote learning, considering the Montessori premises.]

Language: Portuguese

DOI: 10.34117/bjdv6n1-149

ISSN: 2525-8761

Abstract/Notes: This thesis aims to rethink elementary public-school architecture by exploring its ability to become an influential aspect of the pedagogical process in schools. As educational paradigms have historically responded to social, political, and cultural conditions, it appears that the development of educational paradigms has moved faster than the educational buildings of the 21st century. Paradoxically, the spatial conditions of educational architecture seem to be stuck in the 19th century. Although there are notable school buildings that emerged from the 20th and 21st century that challenge a conventional school model, the existence of a gap between school architecture and pedagogical paradigms is predominant in the North American context. Beginning with an investigation of the current spatial conditions of educational architecture, specifically in North America, this thesis analyzes the relationship between school buildings and pedagogical paradigms that draw upon the history of education and its built institutions. As well, it examines the factors that prevent such correlation. Relevant building typologies were studied through orthographic drawings to create a visual comparison of school buildings from the 19th century to today. This allows us to observe the major spatial transformations that occurred between school models over time. Additionally, the analysis addresses how the social, economic, and political factors influence the relationship between the design of learning environments and the shift in educational paradigms, uncovering the principles of school designs and identifying clear discontinuities between the built forms and educational models. Undoubtedly, most of the contemporary educational buildings present in the North American context manifest spatial traditions that bear few relations to the current knowledge of the learning processes. Considering the significant role of the learning environment in the support of critical thinking, discovery, and creativity, this thesis explores this potential to overcome century-old traditions of learning through memorization and subservience to the authority of the teacher. We use the context of Markham, Ontario, in the Greater Toronto Area, to create an elementary school based on the principles seen in Montessori’s, Reggio Emilia Schools, and Lab Ecole projects, which respond to the basis of the most actual theories of children education. The designs we see today of newly constructed school buildings within the suburban context tend to be an afterthought, prioritizing budget, and fast construction rates with little to no consideration to how the built environment can aid in the learning process. As a result, the suburbs provide an ideal setting to explore how the physical environment can aid in the learning process. Ultimately, using architecture as a pedagogical tool that prompts the physical environment to inspire, stimulate, and encourage exploration and investigation of new ideas while supporting collaboration and the development of connections beyond the typical school environment.

Language: English

Published: Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, 2021

Language: English

ISSN: 1522-9734

Language: English

ISSN: 1522-9734

Abstract/Notes: In questo libro si sottolinea come i fondamenti del Metodo Montessori ricolleghino il bambino alla natura attraverso pratiche educativo-didattiche, ambienti e architetture a questo scopo dedicate. Una chiave, questa, per entrare nel mondo montessoriano più evoluto all'insegna di Ecologia, Ecosostenibilità, Biofilia, Energie alternative, dove il contenuto, il contenitore e quel che lo circonda devono essere in totale sintonia con l'ambiente. Colloquio esclusivo, tra gli altri, con l'archistar olandese Herman Hertzberger, autore - insieme all'architetto italiano Marco Scarpinato - del progetto di una scuola romana unica al mondo. [This book underlines how the foundations of the Montessori Method reconnect the child to nature through educational-didactic practices, environments and architectures dedicated to this purpose. This is a key to entering the most advanced Montessori world under the banner of Ecology, Eco-sustainability, Biophilia, Alternative Energy, where the content, the container and what surrounds it must be in total harmony with the environment. Exclusive conversation, among others, with the Dutch archistar Herman Hertzberger, author - together with the Italian architect Marco Scarpinato - of the project for a unique Roman school in the world.]

Language: Italian

Published: Roma, Italy: Fefè Editore, 2021

ISBN: 978-88-949472-9-8

Series: Pagine vere , 49

Language: English

Published: Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia, 2022

Abstract/Notes: This research aims to understand the influence of pedagogical methods in the design of schools, focusing on inclusive schools. The type of research will be a qualitative one through theoretical analysis. The result is an architectural design project for a school for Down Syndrome students in Mexico City taking into consideration the design tools identified in the research. This project has an personal meaning for me as the school to be designed is my brother’s current school. To achieve this aim, we are going to deep dive into four pedagogical methods, their characteristics, and their origins. We will then study their influence and reinterpretation in school architecture around the world through case studies. After that, we will look at the identification of key characteristics from these methods that can help create a more inclusive school. Finally, we will apply the findings to the design of a real school. Despite the advanced knowledge in materials, technology, and architectural theories, the school’s design is still developing. At the moment, many schools are being built without real thought of the design and its effects on the users, being this a problem since school design is crucial in an adequate learning experience. During the first half of the last century, more specifically during the war era, there was an enormous advance in the pedagogical field in European countries such as Austria and Italy mostly influenced by the emergence of educational psychology theories such as “constructivism”. In this research, we are going to focus on three pedagogical methods born in that era, the followings: Montessori (Italy), Reggio Emilia (Italy,) and Waldorf (Germany). Although these methods have different approaches, they all rely on students’ autonomy, the decentralization of authority, and a balanced and holistic worldview. Pedagogy is also highly influenced by its environment regardless of socioeconomic and sociocultural circumstances therefore a proper setting of spaces is key. This relation is not new and can be seen with Henry Barnard who in 1849 wrote “School Architecture”, one of the first school construction manuals which are taking into account pedagogical methods in the building of learning spaces. Throughout the years, specialized architecture manuals for schools such as the Montessori’s one has been created and the design methods have migrated and been applied throughout the globe. Examples of this are Waldorf’s “Family School” in Costa Rica by Arkitito Arquitetura, Oficina umauma & Luiza Gottschalk, the Reggio Emilia’s “Tellus Nursery School” in Sweden by Tham & Videgård Arkitekter and the Montessori’s “Delft Montessori School” by Herman Hertzberger in Holland. The methods have been proven to work well especially in the developmental stages of kids, proving to be effective not only for the conventional student but also for the intellectually disabled ones. When it comes to inclusive education, is quite a new topic for society. In the past, having a disability meant being put in an asylum, psychiatric hospital, or institution with barely or no education. It is until the middle of the last century and with the emergence of human rights together with the development of the pedagogical methods above mentioned, that disabled people started to have a voice in the education system and therefore a place in the classroom. Inclusive education means integrating disabled students into all the events of a classroom through the exercising of their autonomy and a surrounding with an adequate level of stimuli (such as light or color). This can be achieved by the right application of the pedagogical methods in the design phase of the school. For example, the Montessori’s accessible furniture or the Reggio Emilia’s natural lighting. In conclusion, thanks to the evolution of pedagogy and its application to architecture, we are and will witness the development of both, more inclusive schools and highly inclusive spaces in which students (disabled and non-disabled) can better coexist. The analysis of pedagogy is fundamental to building more inclusive schools and through this research, we aim to better understand its methods to apply them to a real case study. / Questa ricerca mira a comprendere l'influenza della pedagogia nella progettazione delle scuole, puntando sull'inclusività. Il tipo di ricerca sarà di tipo qualitativo attraverso un analisi pedagogica teorica. Il risultato finale è un progetto architettonico su una scuola per studenti con Sindrome di Down a Città del Messico prendendo in considerazione gli strumenti individuati nella ricerca. Questo progetto ha un significato personale per me perché mio fratello è al momento uno studente presso quella scuola. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, ci addentreremo profondamente in quattro metodi pedagogici, le loro caratteristiche e le loro origini. Ne studieremo poi l'influenza e la reinterpretazione nell'architettura scolastica di tutto il mondo attraverso case studies. A seguire, esamineremo le caratteristiche delle architetture pedagogiche che possono aiutare a creare una scuola più inclusiva. Infine, applicheremo i risultati a la progettazione di una vera scuola. Nonostante le avanzate conoscenze sui materiali, tecnologia e teorie architettoniche, in generale il design delle scuole è ancora in via di sviluppo. Al momento, molte scuole sono in costruzione senza un vero pensiero al design e ai suoi effetti sugli utenti. Questo risulta essere un problema dal momento che il design della scuola è cruciale in un'adeguata esperienza di apprendimento. Durante la prima metà del secolo scorso, ci fu un enorme progresso nel campo pedagogico nei paesi europei i quali furono maggiormente influenzati dall'emergere dell'istruzione di teorie psicologiche come il “costruttivismo”. In questa ricerca, ci concentreremo su tre metodi pedagogici nati in quell'epoca, i seguenti: metodo Montessori (Italia), metodo Reggio Emilia (Italia) e metodo Steiner/Waldorf (Austria/Germania). Sebbene questi metodi hanno approcci differenti, sono tutti basati su una serie di concetti comuni tra i quali l'autonomia degli studenti, il decentramento dell'autorità e una visione del mondo equilibrata e olistica. In generale, anche la pedagogia è altamente influenziata dall’ambiente circonstante indipendentemente dal livello socioeconomico e dalle circostanze socioculturali presenti, quindi un ambiente con spazi adeguati risulta fondamentale. Questa relazione tra spazio e pedagogia è un argomento che si può notare già con Henry Barnard, che nel 1849 scrisse “School Architecture”, uno dei primi manuali di costruzione scolastica che già all’epoca prese in considerazione i metodi pedagogici negli edifici scolastici. Nel corso degli anni, sono stati creati veri e propri manuali specializzati in architettura per pedagogie come ad esempio la Montessori ed è proprio grazie a questi manuali, che ad oggi queste architetture sono presenti ed applicate in tutto il mondo. Esempi che confermano l’applicazione di queste pedagogie sono la "Family School" di Steiner/Waldorf in Costa Rica (Arkitito Arquitetura, Oficina umauma & Luiza Gottschalk), la “Tellus Nursery School” di Reggio Emilia in Svezia (Tham & Videgård Arkitekter) e la “Delft Scuola Montessori” in Olanda (Herman Hertzberger). I metodi hanno dimostrato di funzionare bene soprattutto nelle fasi di sviluppo dei bambini, dimostrando di essere efficaci non solo per lo studente convenzionale ma anche per gli intellettualmente disabili. In generale l’educazione inclusiva è considerato un argomento abbastanza nuovo per la società. In passato, avere una disabilità significava essere messi in un ospedale psichiatrico o un istituto con scarsa o nessuna istruzione. È fino alla metà del secolo scorso e con l'emergere dei diritti umani insieme allo sviluppo dei metodi pedagogici sopra menzionati, che le persone disabili hanno iniziato ad avere una voce nel sistema educativo e quindi un posto in classe. Educazione inclusiva significa integrare gli studenti disabili in tutti gli eventi che si svolgono in classe, aiutandoli ad esercitarsi ad essere autonomi attraverso uno spazio con un adeguato livello di stimoli (come la luce o il colore). Questo può essere ottenuto con la giusta applicazione dei metodi pedagogici nella fase progettuale della scuola. Ad esempio, i mobili accessibili della pedagogia Montessori o l'illuminazione naturale della pedagogia Reggio Emilia. In conclusione, grazie all'evoluzione della pedagogia e della sua applicazione all'architettura, siamo e saremo testimoni dello sviluppo di scuole sempre più inclusive in cui gli studenti (disabili e non) possano convivere meglio insieme. Questa ricerca, mira per l’appunto a comprendere al meglio le tematiche pedagogiche con l’obiettivo finale di costruire scuole sempre più inclusive.

Language: English

Published: Milano, Italy, 2022

Language: Italian

ISSN: 0012-5377

Language: German

Abstract/Notes: Herman Hertzberger's Lessons for Students in Architecture was first published in 1991, as an elaborated version of lectures he had given since 1973 at Delft University of Technology. It presents a broad spectrum of subjects and designs, with practical experience and evaluation of the use of these buildings serving as a leitmotif. This immensely successful book has gone through many reprints and has also been published in Japanese, German, Italian, Portuguese, Taiwanese, Dutch, Greek, Chinese, French, Polish and Persian. More than 750 illustrations give a broad insight into Hertzberger's 'library' and a stimulating impression of the influences and sources of inspiration of one of the Netherlands' major postwar architects.

Language: English

Published: [S.I.]: 010 Publishers, 2005

ISBN: 978-90-6450-562-1